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The Benchmark

The stock market vs. the ‘real’ world

September 8, 2024


Teetering stocks & the harsh reality of not owning them

Dear Reader,

This week’s email is a shameless chart party.

One of our team here at Navexa kindly shared a treasure trove of fascinating charts with me recently, which led me down many different and thought-provoking rabbit-holes.

First up, take a look at this:

Risk is was back on the menu, boys


Source: https://www.chartstorm.info/p/weekly-s-and-p500-chartstorm-20-may

What you’re looking at above is evidence that Wall Street’s appetite for risk has returned after a couple of years of fear and uncertainty.

At least, that’s how it looked at the end of May.

The S&P Global investment manager index had measured risk appetite and near-term market outlook returning to late 2021 levels.

Stocks were at or near all-time highs, and institutional investors were brimming with optimism.

Callum Thomas, who runs ChartStorm, noted that we’re in a ‘cyclical bull market’:

The takeaway or bullish suggestion would be that this cyclical bull is relatively normal, and also mid-lower pack… and most of all, looks like it still has time and space to go up to the right if history is any guide.’

Three months later, however, you can see just how fast sentiment can swing in the stock market:

Tech stocks flirting with bearish trend


Source

Callum says of the chart above:

‘After failing to breach that key overhead resistance level, tech stocks have rolled over again — at this point now notching up a lower high. From a classical technical analysis standpoint this is not a good sign, you want to see a series of higher highs and higher lows to be confident in the bull trend, whereas a transition to lower highs brings into prospect the possibility of a bear trend establishing.

‘To remain constructive at all on tech stocks and by extension US equities as a whole, it is going to be critical for the Nasdaq to avoid making a lower low (and avoid breaching that rising bar of the 200-day moving average)
.’

I try, in this email, not to get too caught up in dangerous short-termism.

Stocks are going to do what they’re going to do. Up one day, down the next, irrational exuberance and panic dished out by turn as the great financial circus constantly unfolds.

So let’s zoom out now and go big picture.

Check this out:

Wage growth vs. stock market growth


Source

Work a job, earn money, save some, invest some, retire comfortably, right?

That used to be the dream for most people. For some, it perhaps still is.

But what you see on the chart above is the reality of working for money, versus putting money to work in the markets.

In the 1970s and early 1980s, wage growth more or less kept up with stock prices — in the late ’70s even beating the stock market’s performance by nearly 10%, imagine that!

But after that, as you can see, the stock market left wage growth in its dust.

From ’91 to ’01, there was a 200% difference.

Across the half-century of data represented in the chart, its clear that those who owned stocks built many times more wealth than those who relied solely on income from a job.

And speaking of jobs, here’s a lesser-talked about aspect of the relationship between the stock market and the employment market.

82% of U.S. jobs are not on the S&P 500


Source

There are 158 million people employed in the U.S. economy.

But only 29 million, or 18%, of them work for S&P 500-listed companies.

In other words, most of the U.S. workforce is employed outside of the biggest companies in the country — meaning the vast majority of the economy is in private, rather than public, markets.

Why is that? Ben Carlson shared a brilliant Sam Ro chart a while back that sheds light on this:


Source

Ben notes:

The stock market is mostly corporations that make and sell things. The economy is mostly the stuff we do with those things. Most of the time the stock market and the economy are moving in the same direction but they also diverge on occasion. The S&P 500 also receives roughly 40% of revenues from overseas. For technology stocks, that number is closer to 60%.’

And now, to our final chart of this week’s email.

This one might surprise you.

Buffett’s (relatively) late bloom as billionaire


Source

We tend to think of Warren Buffett as supremely wealthy. Which he is.

But we also tend to presume he was always supremely wealthy.

As you can see on the chart above, this is simply not the case.

Warren didn’t crack a billion-dollar net worth until he was more than half a century old.

It took him until his early sixties to hit five billion.

But then the power of compounding really started to go to work, and Buffett’s net worth began climbing steeply.

While the chart only goes up to 2019, today, Warren is worth about $139 billion.

He’s built that wealth, of course, by buying and holding shares in the highest-quality companies in the world (and by selling shares in his legendary holding company, Berkshire Hathaway).

Imagine what his net worth might be today had Buffett worked a job, instead of buying stocks and building businesses?

Now, if, like Warren, you’re building wealth by investing in the stock market, you’re going to need some specialist knowledge re: tax.

Specifically, you’re going to need to understand capital gains tax to a far greater degree than the average tax-payer.

Because, as you’re about to see, far too many investors get caught out by the three CGT lies Navarre exposes in his latest video guide.

Click the player to watch:

video preview

That’s it for The Benchmark this week.

Forward this to someone who’d enjoy reading.

If one of our dear readers forwarded this to you, welcome.

Until next week!

Invest in knowledge,

Thom
Editor, The Benchmark

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All information contained in The Benchmark and on navexa.io is for education and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional financial or tax advice. The Benchmark and any contributors to The Benchmark are not financial professionals, and are not aware of your personal financial circumstances.

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The Benchmark

The 0.00000001% investing mindset

September 2, 2024


Your mind, your money
and my unsolicited TED talk

Dear Reader,

I never wanted to do this.

Write one of those ‘book club’ emails.

You know, the ones where the writer does the email equivalent of sidling up to you and chewing your ear off about ‘this fantastic’ book they’ve been reading…

How you’ve ‘just got to read it’…

Please.

If it’s so good why don’t you go back to reading it instead of administering an unsolicited TED talk.

With that, Reader, I hereby lower myself to the level of the book review email writer.

Technically, it’s not my first time, but the last time I wrote to you about a brilliant investing book, I did not have my hands on a physical copy.

Today, I’m going all the way. Here’s the offending article:

Luck, risk and the profound
power of financial subjectivity


The Psychology of Money isn’t your average investing or finance book.

If it were, I wouldn’t be writing to you about it.

Author Morgan Housel isn’t your average investment writer, either.

While most bestsellers in this space come from portfolio managers, economists, advisors or personal finance gurus, Housel was a journalist, columnist and analyst before he wrote his book.

He spent the best part of a decade at financial publisher The Motley Fool — competitors to my former employer, Agora.

I think this is what makes The Psychology of Money so good.

Because I know, first-hand, that analyzing and writing about the markets for independent publishers demands you look outside the mainstream for rare insights readers can’t get from the usual channels.

Having spent so long writing for such a business seems to have resulted in one of the finest, clearest books on investing and personal finance you’ll likely ever read.

You can sprinkle in his contributions to the Wall Street Journal as testament to his journalistic pedigree.

Part of the reason for this is that Housel hasn’t really written ‘a book’ per se.

Rather, he’s edited and collated 20 essays from his career, with the goal of shedding light on why we think and feel certain ways about money and investing.

Here’s three of the my favourite insights from the book.

The 0.00000001% mindset

What seems to make perfect financial sense to me might seem insane to you.

Such is the profound impact of our individual experience, that it largely defines how we think and feel about money.

Here’s one of many great examples:

‘The person who grew up in poverty thinks about risk and reward in ways the child of a wealthy banker cannot fathom if he tried

The stock broker who lose everything during the Great Depression experienced something the tech worker basking in the glory of the late 1990s can’t imagine.’

Housel reckons our personal experiences make up about 0.00000001% of what’s happened in the world.

But, they also account for about 80% of how we think the world works.

Nothing is what it seems

Housel explains the extent to which confirmation bias distorts our perception of success and luck (both good and bad).

Bill Gates is renowned as a pioneer of personal computing and a gifted businessman.

Turns out, he just happened to attend one of the only schools on the planet that had a computer.

Thanks to a forward-thinking teacher, Gates and his friends — one of whom joined Gates in founding Microsoft — got to play with a Teletype Model 30 computer as early as 1968.

Out of 303 million high school-age people in the world at that time, Gates was among the 300 who attended the school that had a computer.

When Housel interviewed Nobel Prize in economics-winner, Robert Shiller (of Shiller P/E ratio fame), he asked him: ‘What do you want to know about investing that we can’t know?

Shiller’s answer: ‘The exact role of luck in successful outcomes.’

The time dividend

University of Michigan psychologist, Angus Campbell, sums up the ‘common denominator of happiness’ thus:

Having a strong sense of controlling one’s life is a more dependable predictor of positive feelings of wellbeing than any of the objective conditions of life we have considered.’

Money’s true value to us an individuals, Housel writes, is its power to give us control over our time.

Having worked as an intern investment banker and managing to last only one out of the four months he signed up for, Housel experienced what it feels like to be a time slave, working longer hours than most human beings could handle.

In fact, even doing something we love on a schedule we can’t control can turn that activity into something we hate.

Money can only make you happy when it hands you more control of your time.

This should be obvious by now, but I highly recommend you read The Psychology of Money — I’ve only scratched the surface of this book’s brilliance in this email!

3 ETF tax mistakes hurting Aussie investors

One way investors try to get back their time is by investing in ETFs for capital appreciation and income.

In principal, this is a great approach. But, there’s some pitfalls few investors know about.

Navarre just published his latest YouTube video explaining three ETF investing hurting Australian investors at tax time.

Click the player to watch now:

video preview

Quote of the week

The world is full of obvious things which nobody by any chance ever observes.’

Sherlock Holmes

That’s it for The Benchmark this week.

Forward this to someone who’d enjoy reading.

If one of our dear readers forwarded this to you, welcome.

Until next week!

Invest in knowledge,

Thom
Editor, The Benchmark


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All information contained in The Benchmark and on navexa.io is for education and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional financial or tax advice. The Benchmark and any contributors to The Benchmark are not financial professionals, and are not aware of your personal financial circumstances.

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The Benchmark

Masterclass in picking next-gen tech stocks

August 26, 2024


The early Brit catches the US tech boom

Dear Reader,

Stock pickers tend to get screwed.

The S&P Scorecard makes it clear: 79% of active management large cap funds lagged the S&P 500 over the past five years.

Over the longer term, the numbers get worse — only about 12% of them beat the market over the past 15.

What about small-cap funds? Nope — about 90% lag the market’s performance.

Value stock funds? Even worse — 94% of them can’t beat the market.

You get the picture.

It’s statistically highly unlikely that you can earn better returns by selecting stocks than if you just bought an index fund.

Passive, long-term investing, which relies on the market’s 10.64% annualized return to slowly, but surely, lift all boats over time, has more evidence going for it than ever.

Seldom do modern investors aspire to strike it rich discovering the next big thing before everybody else.

Which is why you need to know about reclusive fund manager, Nicholas Sleep.

This mysterious investor did something few big players dare in today’s market — particularly those managing other people’s money.

And particularly, those from his side of the Atlantic.

Regulation hell vs. innovation heaven


This explanation gives you a pretty good idea of the difference between Europe’s and the United States’ markets:

Increased regulatory burden has hampered Europe’s competitive position, hindered innovation and is particularly burdensome for small and medium sized companies.

The root cause is hard to identify. There are, of course, cultural differences between Europe and the US, but Europe also has more complexity with regulation, from both individual countries and the single market.

The formation and growth of Silicon Valley firms through the 2000s to the rapid growth we are seeing from AI firms today is evidence that the US has created an environment that fosters innovation.

While countless hours are being spent by software engineers in the US trying to outcompete each other for the next AI breakthrough, European law makers are apparently burning the midnight oil to prepare the first AI Act!

See how European stocks rebounded after the 2020 pandemic compared to US stocks:


You get the picture.

Innovation and growth happens faster in the US than it does on the continent.

It’s no coincidence most of the great investors and fund managers of our time all come from the same country.

Bogle, Buffett, Dalio, Graham, Lynch, Munger. All Americans.

So how on earth did a British fund manager manage to spot one of the highest-performing investment opportunities of the past two decades, before US investors cottoned on?

Here, Reader, you enter the myth of Nick Sleep.

Betting big in the early tech wilderness

Nick Sleep first worked as a fund manager at Marathon Asset Management. In 2006 he set up his own fund, Nomad, with partner Qais Zakaria.

Eight years later, they’d made a sufficiently gargantuan enough return for their investors that they closed the fund, returned the money to their clients, and disappeared.

How much money are we talking?

Here’s a snapshot of Nomad’s performance in 2013, a year before they shut up shop:


Before performance fees, they were outperforming the great Warren Buffet’s annualized 19.8% return.

As in, beating the greatest investor of the past 100 years, by picking stocks.

They did this, in large part, thanks to Nick Sleep’s visionary approach.

He pioneered something called ‘scale economics shared‘.

His thesis was basically that large internet businesses would use their rapidly growing revenue to make their services progressively cheaper for their customers — as opposed to simply paying it out to investors, or reinvesting it into their business (read more here).

But in the post-Dot Com bubble world of the early 2000s, Nick Sleep saw a way for the next generation of internet businesses to achieve massive growth by returning their profits to their customers in the form of ultra-competitive prices.


The early days.

Fund manager mic drop

At the time, this view was far from popular. It was too new, too unfamiliar — even to the historically visionary investors in the very country where such businesses were taking root.

But Nick Sleep saw the game evolving, and made his play.

Nomad bet big on a company called Amazon, while the rubble of the 2000 tech collapse still smouldered around him, buying in at less than $30 a share.

By 2007, the fund owned $55 million in Amazon stock.

By the time Sleep and Zakaria closed Nomad, that position was worth $1.2 billion.

At the time of writing, Amazon shares trade for $178 — nearly six times the price at the time Nick Sleep started betting big on his scale economics shared thesis.

Stock picking might be out of fashion, and notoriously difficult. But this story shows you that it’s not impossible — not even for a British fund manager, let alone a Wall Street heavyweight.

Nick Sleep virtually disappeared after Nomad closed in 2014.

His annual Nomad investor letters have become legendary among those who know about them (read all of them here).

Here’s 15 highlights:

twitter profile avatar
Compounding QualityTwitter Logo
@QCompounding
Nick Sleep is one of the greatest investors of all time.
People who invested with him achieved a yearly return of 20.8% (!).
Here are 15 things I learned from reading his annual letters:
photo
8:48 PM • Aug 8, 2024
10
Retweets
70
Likes
Read 7 replies

Here’s one of my personal favourites, addressed to some guy named Warren upon Nomad’s closure:


New video reveals how to never worry
about ETF AMIT statements again

While you’re here, if you’re investing in ETFs in Australia, you’ll want to watch this new video.

He walks you through the ‘extremely important’ numbers you get with your annual AMIT statement from your ETFs — and the simple way to deal with them without having to stress at tax time.

Click the preview to play:

video preview

That’s it for The Benchmark this week.

Forward this to someone who’d enjoy reading.

If one of our dear readers forwarded this to you, welcome.

Until next week!

Invest in knowledge,

Thom
Editor, The Benchmark
Track & report on your portfolio like a pro


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The Benchmark

Why this elite ex-trader ditched Wall St for fast-food

August 19, 2024


The Mexican carry trade

Dear Reader,

Most people thought black beans were olives,’ Steven Marks said of the average Australian’s knowledge of Mexican food in the early 2000s.

Over the next 20 years, Marks and fellow New Yorker, Robert Hazan, would change that.

In the process, they’d build a massive fast-food business that is now approaching $1 billion AUD in annual revenue.

Just this year, the business they founded to ‘educate the market‘ on good Mexican food became Australia’s most successful initial public offering since 2021, and the third-best for half a decade.




This week, The Benchmark takes a break from Wall Street to show you how a simple idea changed the Australian fast food landscape and became a stock market darling in the process.

Selling burritos and delivering on our strategy

Steven Marks was 23 when he landed what, for most aspiring finance bros, would be the dream gig.

He was one of two graduates to join Steve Cohen’s New York equities team.

Forbes estimated Cohen to be about the 30th richest person in the United States 10 years ago. ‘The hedge fund king’, as he was known, at one point personally raked in about $1 billion a year.

Marks had his feet under the desk for one of Wall Street’s heavyweights.

Fast-forward four years, and he was running a London trading desk, living the high life in Chelsea.

But, fast-forward another three years, and Marks was done.

The ultra-intense hedge fund life had taken its toll and lost its appeal.

So, he did what any self-respecting talented young professional does when their personal desires no longer match with their professional circumstances; he booked a one-way ticket to the other side of the planet with very little idea of what he’d do when he got there.

Initially, he wanted to build a hotel. That proved tougher than Marks expected. And while struggling to get this plan off the ground, he found he missed something from his New York days — good Mexican food.

Seeing the gap in the Australian market, Marks went all-in on enlightening his adopted country on the pleasures of authentic Mexican food.

Wall Street cash = main street smash hit


Steven Marks

Marks did four key things to get Guzman Y Gomez — named after two friends from his childhood in Brooklyn — up and running in 2006.

  1. He invested ‘everything‘ he’d managed to save from his seven years earning mega bucks in the hedge fund world.

  2. He ‘poached the best staff from Latin American restaurants and brought in chefs from Mexico‘.

  3. He convinced his childhood friend, Robert Hazan, who had a background in fashion and retail (and therefore boots-on-the-ground knowledge of a type of business Marks did not) to become his business partner.

  4. Marks and Hazan set up Guzman Y Gomez restaurants in ‘triple A real estate‘ locations, building a premium fast food brand rather than a ubiquitous, spread-too-thin empire like much of their competition.

The first store in Newtown, Sydney, spawned openings in Bondi Junction and Kings Cross within 12 months.


The first Guzman Y Gomez restaurant in Sydney

Six years later, GYG had 12 locations, expanding to Melbourne.

Another six years later, Australians were flocking to buy premium Mexican takeaway food at 100 spots across the country.

In 2013, Singapore got its first Guzman Y Gomez, and in 2020 the Naperville suburb of Chicago began serving customers.

Today, there are ~200 Guzman Y Gomez locations. The business has broken into Australia’s top 10 most popular takeaways, and makes $760 million a year.

Careful investment strategy paves
way for rare ASX IPO success

Marks and Hazan didn’t rush to accept money from investors.

Marks’ Wall Street experience taught him about being careful who he took money from.

He actually rejected several offers because he didn’t feel those looking to invest shared his vision for the business and brand.

Rather, he and Hazan kept hustling, running the business with their own money and its growing revenue.

‘So we just had to make it work, even when we were running out of money,‘ he said.

Finally, though, they struck a deal with the team behind McDonald’s Australia. This helped them fuel Guzman Y Gomez’s international expansion.

Then, investment firm TDM Growth Partners bought a $44 million stake in 2018, followed by Magellan Financial Group’s $87 million investment (Magellan subsequently sold its stake for $140 million — a 60% gain).

Then, this year, what started as a burnt-out ex-hedge funder’s reaction to Australia’s dire lack of quality Mexican food in the early 2000s hit the Australian Stock Exchange.


GYG packed full in Woolongong, NSW

Guzman Y Gomzez listed A$335.1 million of new stock (about a sixth of the company) for public trading.

It became the biggest first-day gainer by a large Aussie company since 2021 and the third best performing IPO in five years.

At the time of writing, GYG is up 4.61% since IPO, with a total market cap of A$3 billion — it was A$2.2 billion before it debuted.


Guzman Y Gomzez forecast a second consecutive net loss for 2024, but a profit in 2025.

The company plans to match the current McDonald’s Australia store count in the next 20 years.

That’s about 1,000 stores.

If you didn’t know what good Mexican fast food tasted like already, you’re about to.

To really get into the numbers behind GYG, check out this deep dive.

Quote of the week

Luck is the dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.’

Ray Kroc

That’s it for The Benchmark this week.

Forward this to someone who’d enjoy reading.

If one of our dear readers forwarded this to you, welcome.

Until next week!

Invest in knowledge,

Thom
Editor, The Benchmark

P.S. join me over on X where I post daily about the stories in The Benchmark, plus breaking financial news and events (click below):


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All information contained in The Benchmark and on navexa.io is for education and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional financial or tax advice. The Benchmark and any contributors to The Benchmark are not financial professionals, and are not aware of your personal financial circumstances.

Categories
The Benchmark

Local man reburies weapons cache…

August 12, 2024


Panic on the streets, or just in the markets?

Dear Reader,

Last week, panic struck.

This is what the internet looked like for investors last Monday:


Source

Rough.


Source

Brutal.


Source

Heavy.

But, we know the media gets plenty of mileage out of hype — particularly the negative type.

So, let’s look at the facts.

Last Monday:

  • S&P 500 fell 3% — its worst day since September 2022
  • The Dow was down more than 1,000 points, or 2.6%
  • The Nasdaq wiped out nearly $1 billion in market cap

To top it off?

The Volatility Index hit levels not seen since the 2008 Financial Crisis and the 2020 pandemic.

Then again, Wall Street’s ‘fear gauge’ has been running haywire of late, so it’s not as straightforward as it might first appear.

But, all up, a pretty decent dose of fear, uncertainty and doubt for the stock market.

A week on from this bolt of panic, let’s look at the factors at play — and, of course, the bigger picture.

To fight inflation is to fuel unemployment

The cost of living crisis that took hold over the past couple of years stemmed, in part, from inflation.

Here’s US inflation over the past century:


Source

By mid-2022, inflation was the highest it had been since the 1980s.

In other words, the value of money eroded, sharply.

Which meant it became more expensive to live.

Which meant central bank intervention.

Interest rates, which had trended down since the 1980s — falling sharply after the global financial crisis and then the pandemic — rose again.

You can see in the chart below, we’re only just now back to pre-2008 interest rate levels:


Source

The Federal Reserve (the world’s most influential central bank), goes to war on inflation — too much inflation, at least — by raising interest rates.

According to Phil Rosen:

The Fed’s stated goal is a 2% inflation rate. But it’s currently more than triple that level, which means the economy is running too hot and consumers are spending too much.

The Fed doesn’t explicitly say it like this, but a sure-fire way to crush spending is to raise unemployment — that’s why it’s bad news when the Fed sees more and more Americans joining the workforce each month.

In other words, central banks sometimes try to coax the economy into recession in order to reign in spending and bring inflation back to their target figure.

They expect unemployment to rise. But, in terms of what happened last week:

61,000 new jobs ain’t enough

On Friday, August 2, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the US economy added 114,000 jobs for the month of July.

On the face of it, you’d think more than 100,000 new jobs would be a good thing.

That’s 3,225 Americans starting a new job every day of the month.

That’s growth, right? Wrong.

The part of this equation that spooked the markets last week was the gap between economists’ projections, and the reality.

Everyone thought there’d be 175,000 new jobs created.

Instead, they got a 61,000 shortfall.

It’s like when a listed company forecasts its quarterly profits.

They might tell investors they expect to make a billion dollars.

But if they then only make $750M, it’s the $250M shortfall that makes the headlines, not the actual profit.

And this, of course, is in part down to the stock market being a place where people bet on the likelihood of future outcomes.

Hence the fear, panic and swift erosion of billions of dollars in valuations across both stocks and crypto.

A perfect storm, or a bump in the road?

There were other factors driving Monday’s crash.

Japan’s stock market collapsed 12% — the most it’s fallen in a single day for nearly 40 years — wiping out all its 2024 gains.

This came as the Bank of Japan hiked interest rates. This, in turn, impacted the substantial ‘carry trade’ whereby US investors had become accustomed to borrowing Japanese currency at near zero interest rates and then buying up US-listed stocks in a bid for better returns.

Higher Japanese interest rates = less Japan/US carry trade = less money flowing into American stocks.

Add to this a (probably overdue) cooling in the hype around AI and the Big Tech companies that have been riding that wave since late 2022.

And, of course, let’s not forget Warren Buffett, whose Berkshire Hathaway announced it had sold half its Apple shares, preferring instead to boost cash reserves.

The Wall Street Journal published a fantastic piece last week weighing up whether this is a 1987-style market-only event, or the signs of a deeper, broader economic collapse.

According to James Mackintosh:

Just like today, in 1987 investors were on edge and ready to sell to lock in the unexpected profit. The losses are smaller so far, but lucrative trades have reversed, just as they did for the market as a whole in 1987.

Bear in mind that there are people pretty high up in the financial world who are convinced we’re in a secular bull market.

Check the chart below and read more about that here.

twitter profile avatar
Thom BennyTwitter Logo
@The_Benchmark_
This chart shows the 1950 and 1980 secular bull markets with the 2013 (current) one overlaid:photo
10:0 PM • Aug 5, 2024
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That’s enough heavy charts and quotes for this week.

I’ll leave you with one of the more insightful pieces of coverage I saw about last week’s short-lived (for now) market bloodbath, from satire news website The Betoota Advocate:


The story is meant in jest, of course. But make no mistake, the stock market has a lot of people on edge right now.

As always, only time will tell whether the bulls or bears are correct this time around.

That’s it for The Benchmark this week.

Forward this to someone who’d enjoy reading.

If one of our dear readers forwarded this to you, welcome.

Until next week!

Invest in knowledge,

Thom
Editor, The Benchmark

P.S. join me over on X where I post daily about the stories in The Benchmark, plus breaking financial news and events (click below):


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All information contained in The Benchmark and on navexa.io is for education and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional financial or tax advice. The Benchmark and any contributors to The Benchmark are not financial professionals, and are not aware of your personal financial circumstances.

Categories
The Benchmark

The death of Google

August 5, 2024


Google: 1998 — 202?

Dear Reader,

Alphabet is undisputedly one of the biggest and most influential businesses on the planet. For now, at least.

The holding company controls a group of tech firms that turn over $300 billion a year — about as much as the Finnish or Portuguese economies, and a fair chunk more than New Zealand’s, where I’m from.

Chief among Alphabet’s subsidiaries, of course, is Google.

Google has dominated the internet search landscape since the turn of the millennium and — for now — controls about 90% of the market.


Alphabet’s campus (source)

I say ‘for now’ because, like all stati quo, Google’s dominance is under threat.

This week’s edition of The Benchmark takes a look at the tectonic shift threatening Google’s place at the top of the tech pecking order.

Because now that the initial hype around artificial intelligence has receded, the reality of this new technology’s deep, permanent disruptive potential is dawning on big tech.

Senator, we run ads.’

To understand how Google attained its omnipresence, you have to understand its business model.

When you understand Google’s business model, you can understand why analysts think the company could be in trouble.

In 2018, this happened:


Source

Meta Platforms (née Facebook) founder Mark Zuckerberg (pictured above, smiling smugly) answered 84-year old Utah senator, Orrin G. Hatch’s question ‘how do you sustain a business model in which users don’t pay for your service?’ with the now infamous ‘senator, we run ads’.

The Facebook platform, of course, isn’t really free. Nor is Google’s search service. Or its email service. Or its mobile app store. The list goes on.

Alphabet makes about 77% of its money from advertising.

The model is to provide massively useful things to massive amounts of consumers for free, and then capitalize on this critical attention mass by selling it to business customers.

Google’s 90% of the search market equals 90% of the search advertising market. And, again, this dominance accounts for 77% of the parent company’s revenue.

Zooming out, Statista estimates that Google owns about 39% of the total global advertising market.

How long will that last?

The search wars begin

Large language model, or LLM, AI hit the mass market in the form of ChatGPT in November 2022.

Today, you have ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini (owned by Google, it’s worth noting), Perplexity, Bing AI, and more by the day.

And of course AI is hardly limited to chatbot form — it’s transforming pretty much every market and industry.

But where the AI revolution poses a problem for Google’s business is that LLMs mean people no longer need to manually use a search engine.

Hence headlines such as these:


Source

Source

Why sift through a search engine result page, clicking links and visiting pages to find what you’re looking for (viewing several paid ad placements while you do so)…

When you can get an LLM like ChatGPT to do that ‘manual search labour’ for you, and serve you the exact answer you want in seconds?

One of the signals that Google had prevailed in the early 2000s search engine race, was the company’s name became a byword for searching.

You don’t ‘search’ for something. You ‘Google’ it.

The same thing is happening with AI.

If you’ve not heard it already, it won’t be long before you hear someone tell you they ‘ChatGPT’d it’.

And Google’s search market and advertising market share isn’t just under threat from other companies and their AI tools.

It has, naturally, been forced to join the AI race itself, with its ChatGPT competitor, Gemini.

Which means that one part of Google’s business could soon threaten the part that’s made them one of the biggest companies on the planet over the past 25 years.

And it’s not just Google under threat.

Stack overflow, a tech forum, had its search traffic cut in half once its users realized there was a faster, more direct way to find what they needed:


Source

What does the market think of this?

AI sends investors hunting for small-caps

AI, as you probably know, has played a huge role in the so-called Magnificent Seven’s (Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Meta Platforms, Microsoft, NVIDIA, and Tesla) massive run-up over the past few years.

Take a look:


Source

Tech stocks well and truly took the share of the market’s gains.

NVIDIA even grew to be the eighth biggest country in the world.

Now, it seems, the market is rebalancing a little.

In part, this looks to be about investors feeling that the mania surrounding AI has sent some of these tech giants a little too high.

But also, per the Bloomberg headline below, it seems that AI is creating even more exciting disruptive opportunities at the other end of the market.


Source

According to Axios, the Russell 2000 small-cap index spiked by more than 11% over just five trading sessions. The S&P 500 information technology sector sank 8%.

And, small-cap stocks remain well below their 2021 highs.

But the big tech stocks have made new highs for many months, almost forming their own market.

Watch this rotating, evolving, potentially status-quo shattering, space.

Quote of the week

Innovation accelerates and compounds. Each point in front of you is bigger than anything that ever happened.

Marc Andreessen

That’s it for The Benchmark this week.

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1 corrupt file = 8.5 million blue screens of death

July 29, 2024


Houston, we have a software problem

Dear Reader,

On December 31, 1999, the world stood at the brink of ruin.

The computers that ran the planet could only record the date down to two digits.

Instead of 1999, it was 99, and it couldn’t go any higher.

The fear was that when the new year rolled over, the machines wouldn’t be able to compute the new date correctly.

Everything would stop. The myriad systems the computers supported — electricity, transport, banking, everything — would collapse on the stroke of midnight, plunging the world into a new dark age.

The Year 2000 Problem, or Y2K, of course, amounted to very little.

A handful of quirky consequences cropped up, like this welcome screen display at a school in France:


Party like it’s 1900 (source)

It’s perhaps difficult to believe we could have been so worried about a couple of zeroes collapsing everything.

But this month, the world got a reminder of just how reliant we are on computers.

Channel File 291 and the blue screen of death

Texas-based CrowdStrike is a large cybersecurity firm that’s played a pivotal role in tracing and exposing some of the highest-profile cyberattacks of the past decade.

On July 19, they pushed a software update to clients all over the world.

Airlines, hospitals, banks, emergency services.

The update package, to CrowdStrike’s Falcon Sensor product, included a change to a configuration file called Channel File 291.

Channel File 291 doesn’t have quite the same ring to it as Y2K, or the Millennium Bug, but it wreaked about as much havoc on the world as we all feared back in late 1999.

It was this part of the Falcon Sensor update that triggered a ‘logic error’.

The error crashed the entire Windows operating system running on all the machines in question (while everyone working in cafés has a MacBook, the entire commercial world pretty much runs on Microsoft).

Thus, the world got a critically high dose of this:


The blue screen of death sweeps the West (source)

All the machines running the CrowdStrike product entered a ‘bootloop’, rendering them completely unusable.

The scale of the failure meant that commercial flights, television broadcasters, banking and healthcare services and even emergency call centres ceased to operate.

For millions and millions of people, the digitally-dependent world froze.

The disruption was vast and severe.

Cybersecurity consultant Troy Hunt called the incident the ‘largest IT outage in history… basically what we were all worried about with Y2K, except it’s actually happened‘.

Twenty-four years post Y2K, we were finally living the nightmare — all because of a file in a cybersecurity update package.

The damage wasn’t limited to the 8.5 million PCs and the many-times-more people trying to travel, or bank, or access healthcare or emergency services on July 19.

Businesses relying on the crashed computers took heavy losses.


Source

By the end of that day, CrowdStrike shares (listed on the NASDAQ) were down 11%.

At the time of writing, they’re down 32% from the all-time high they’d reached just a few weeks prior to the blue screen crisis.

Still, CrowdStrike is trading nearly 7% up for the year. Let’s see if that lasts.


CrowdStrike share price

And the fallout extends farther still.

Elon Musk shared on X that CrowdStrike has been ‘deleted from all our systems‘:


AirAsia CEO Tony Fernandes demanded answers and compensation for millions of dollars in revenue.

CrowdStrike’s competitors seized on the company’s failure and the resulting PR fallout to promote their own products.

The cyber criminals companies like CrowdStrike aim to guard against started sending phishing emails purporting to be CrowdStrike support and impersonating CrowdStrike staff in phone calls shortly afterward.

So the CrowdStrike crash reverberated far beyond the blue screen of death and the share price bloodbath.

Eliminating single points of failure

Mike Jude, research director at leading market intelligence firm International Data Corporation, reckons all of CrowdStrike’s competitors face the same vulnerabilities.

Cybersecurity firms have to push updates frequently. Otherwise, they risk falling behind new threats, which emerge constantly in the world of cybercrime.

This outage illustrates just how dependent we have become on cybersecurity solutions.’

— Mike Jude

Goldman Sachs analysts wrote that customers generally understood that it’s a question of when — not if — these incidents would happen.

The tone of resignation probably stems, in part, from the centralized nature of the CrowdStrike network.

One update. One product. Same operating system. More than eight million machines — and many times more people — impacted.

So what’s the alternative?


Many in the crypto and blockchain communities were quick to point out that over-reliance on centralized digital networks creates precisely these types of vulnerabilities.

One minute, you’re running your check-in counter, or bank, or hospital system like normal, and the next you’re facing the blue screen of death and unprecedented chaos and confusion.

According to SunnySide Digital founder and CEO, Taras Kulyk, the blockchain industry’s infrastructure of choice, Linux, offers immunity to such vulnerabilities.

According to Kulyk, Linux operates on the same principles as Bitcoin and the wider blockchain world; privacy, decentralization and individual empowerment.

Bitcoin ‘was completely unaffected because most, if not all, Bitcoin miners are using Linux-based frameworks‘, Kulyk said in an interview.

Banks globally have been shutting down because of this server issue, and yet, Bitcoin keeps hashing.’

Pro-crypto Senator Cynthia Lummis also noted that blockchains remained up and running during the CrowdStrike saga.


Vires in Numeris means ‘strength in numbers’ — a reference to the thousands of validator nodes that validate Bitcoin transactions.

Decentralization is a key promise for cryptocurrency and blockchain.

Decentralization in technology aims at providing a ‘trustless environment’ — one in which the network’s members reject any altered or corrupted data.

This form of network can also improve data reconciliation, reduce points of weakness, and reduce the likelihood of catastrophic failure — such as that inflicted by Channel File 291.

Quote of the week

Never trust a computer you can’t throw out a window.’

Steve Wozniak

That’s it for this week’s The Benchmark email.

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Unskilled 24-year-olds running Wall Street

July 22, 2024


‘Cynical bastard’ exposes Wall St. excesses

Dear Reader,

Shortly after his book Liar’s Poker came out in 1989, Michael Lewis took his seat on a flight to the US.

He was travelling to begin the book tour, and he intended to spend the flight re-reading his part-biographical, part-journalistic, dive into the wild world of Wall Street bond trading in the 1980s.

Within seconds of pulling the book out of his carry-on, the passenger next to him turned and spoke:

I’ve read that book,’ he said.

Lewis went to answer, but before he could:

Cynical bastard!’

This was a seven-hour flight. A long seven-hour flight.

This would not be the first time Michael Lewis published something that exposed aspects of the investing world which provoked reaction.

From the history of art to the mystery of money


Michael Lewis in his office (source)

Michael Lewis wanted to be an art historian.

He graduated from Princeton University having written a 166-page thesis on Italian Renaissance sculptor Donatello, and promptly realized that not only where there few jobs for art historians, but that the few available paid poorly.

He did a 180.

He enrolled at the London School of Economics and earned an MA in economics, then landeda role at the legendary Salomon Brothers investment bank in New York, and then in London.

It was this experience, on the cutthroat trading floors of the 1980s, that led Lewis back to the arts.

As he learned the trading game and navigated the ruthless, opaque hierarchy of what was at that time one of the world’s most influential investment banks, Lewis read The Economist and the Wall Street Journal.

He began to write. But rather than copy the somewhat dry, professional style of the writers he admired…

Lewis chose to explore Wall Street economics and culture through people.

If you can attach the reader to a person,’ Lewis says, they’ll follow that person anywhere‘.

Liar’s Poker: Rising Through
the Wreckage on Wall Street


Salomon Brothers trading floor in 1986 (source)

Full disclosure here — I’ve not finished reading Liar’s Poker yet. I’m a few chapters in. But I can tell you now I will 100% finish it. It’s that good.

This book is to investment banking what Anthony Bourdain’s Kitchen Confidential is to the restaurant and fine dining industry; a gritty insight more concerned with truth than protecting people’s reputations.

Here’s a selection of revelations Lewis makes from his time rising at Salomon Brothers.

On the ‘zero sum game’ of trading:

If there was a single lesson I took away from Salomon Brothers, it is that rarely do all parties win. The nature of the game is zero sum. A dollar out of my customer’s pocket was a dollar in ours, and vice versa.’

On how traders see themselves as kings of the financial jungle:

Corporate finance, which services the corporations and governments that borrow money, and that are known as clients, is, by comparison, a refined and unworldly place. Because they don’t risk money, corporate financiers are considered wimps by traders.’

On the lack of correlation between skill and earnings:

That was somewhere near the middle of a modern gold rush. Never before have so many unskilled twenty-four-year-olds made so much money in so little time as we did this decade in New York and London.’

You get a sense, even from these few excerpts, of the hubris and arrogance to which Lewis was exposed (and, as he admits, participated in and profited from).

Salomon Brothers no longer exists.

CEO John Gutfreund left in 1991 facing a $100,000 fine from the SEC and being barred from holding a CEO role of a brokerage firm.

Why?


Ryan Gosling in the film adaptation of Lewis’ later Wall Street book, The Big Short. (source)

The bank became embroiled in a scandal involving illegal treasury bond auction manipulation.

Several of its traders had submitted false bids to the Treasury Department in order to gain an unfair advantage.

The scandal shattered the bank’s reputation.

Salomon Brothers was eventually acquired, then merged into Citicorp, and now no longer exists.

There was, believe it or not, a brief period post-Gutfreund in which Warren Buffett held the CEO position.

Michael Lewis called time on his bond trading career at the bank in 1988, and began writing about his experiences.

One wonders whether the man sitting next to him on the trans-Atlantic flight perhaps worked on Wall Street himself, or perhaps even had some connection to Gutfreund, who told Lewis later in life:

Your fucking book destroyed my career, and it made yours.’

Feedback: Appreciated

Over the past couple of weeks, I’ve received a stack of emails from readers letting me know how much they’re The Benchmark.

Thank you.

I try to write an investing email that I would enjoy reading.

So I’m stoked to hear you enjoy reading The Benchmark.

As I said to one Chief Investment Officer who wrote me last week; please feel free to send through any ideas or stories you’d like me to write about.

Quote of the week

A man who can tell a good story can make a good living as a broker.’

Michael Lewis, Liar’s Poker

That’s it for this week’s The Benchmark email.

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Thom
Editor, The Benchmark

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Dead at 63: The original Wolf of Wall Street

July 15, 2024


The Original Wolf (and Great Bear) of Wall Street

Dear Reader,

In 1929, as the Great Crash destroyed investors and heralded the beginning of the notorious Great Depression, one man made $100 million.

Jesse Livermore, who’d grown up in poverty in Massachusetts, had been observing the market’s behaviour throughout the 1920s.

He noticed that stock prices were rising rapidly, driven by speculation and excessive leverage. He recognized that the market was in a bubble, and reasoned it was due for a correction.

So, Livermore began shorting stocks.


Jesse Livermore

In early 1929, he started building his short positions quietly to avoid drawing attention. By spreading his trades across multiple brokerage houses, he managed to keep his activities under the radar.

As the market showed signs of weakness in September and October 1929, he increased his short positions.

Then, on October 29, 1929, or ‘Black Tuesday’, the stock market crashed. The Dow Jones Industrial Average plummeted by 12% in a day, wiping out about $14 billion in value.

The market then collapsed lower and lower for three years, ultimately taking about a quarter of a century to reclaim its previous highs:


Source

But the picture was far from bleak for Livermore, whose profits were astronomical. He likely made around $100 million (equivalent to more $1.5 billion today) during the crash.

His foresight and execution made him one of the few individuals who thrived financially during one of the most devastating periods in stock market history.

Revered for the foresight, reviled for the profit

Livermore’s gargantuan win from the 1929 crash cemented his reputation as one of the greatest traders of all time. His ability to predict the market downturn and profit from it became legendary.

But it was also bad news, in that a series of newspaper articles declared him the ‘Great Bear of Wall Street’ and ‘The Wolf of Wall Street’, which gave the public someone to blame for the crash.

Livermore received death threats, and spent some of his profits on hiring an armed bodyguard.

But how had he come to be able to make such a forecast, and profit by betting against a market pretty much everybody else thought would never stop going up?

If you’re into fascinating investor and trader biographies, they don’t come much more rock ‘n’ roll than Jesse Livermore’s.

Volatility personified: A tale of windfall and woe


NYSE trading floor in 1929

Livermore’s journey from humble beginnings to financial titan was marked by dramatic success and equally spectacular failure.

At 14, he ran away from home to Boston, where he started working as a board boy in Paine Webber, a brokerage firm.

This involved posting stock prices on a chalkboard, and gave him an opportunity to observe market trends and price movements up close, in detail. Livermore soon placed his first trades and quickly accumulated a small fortune.

By his twenties, he had moved to New York City, the epicenter of the financial world. His aggressive trading style, characterized by leveraging significant amounts of capital, earned him nicknames like the ‘Boy Plunger’.

Livermore’s most notable successes came during times of market turmoil. He made a substantial profit during the Panic of 1907 and solidified his legendary status during the Great Crash in ’29.

Despite these triumphs, Livermore’s career was marred by numerous bankruptcies and personal tragedies. His speculative methods, while capable of generating enormous wealth, also exposed him to tremendous risks.

He declared bankruptcy three times, each instance a result of over-leveraging and miscalculation. Livermore’s personal life was equally volatile, with happy, harmonious periods punctuated by tragedy and turmoil.

Divorces. Armed robberies. One of his wives shot his son. A lawsuit from a Russian mistress.

Livermore was an all-or-nothing operator, both in the stock market and in his personal life. He had it all, and lost it all, several times over.

On November 28, 1940, just after 5:30pm, in the cloakroom of The Sherry-Netherland Hotel in New York City, Jesse Livermore shot himself dead.

‘To see if I could…’


Livermore’s story is one of volatility.

Predicting it, observing it, betting on it and profiting from it.

He was a trader through and through, and openly admitted he wasn’t in the business of investing for the long term.

While his trading style and lifestyle would be too much for most of us to handle, you can’t deny that some of the highs were truly remarkable.

After World War I, Livermore secretly cornered the cotton market. President Woodrow Wilson, prompted by a call from the United States Secretary of Agriculture, summoned the trader to the White House.

During this meeting, Livermore agreed to sell back the cotton at break-even, averting a potential surge in cotton prices.

When President Wilson inquired about his motives, Livermore candidly replied, ‘to see if I could, Mr. President‘.

Quote of the week

There is nothing new in Wall Street. There can’t be because speculation is as old as the hills. Whatever happens in the stock market today has happened before and will happen again.’

Jesse Livermore

That’s it for this week’s The Benchmark email.

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1.5% of every listed company on earth?

July 8, 2024


There will be wealth

Dear Reader,

Resources have long been a key factor in determining a nation’s wealth.

Timber, coal, precious metals, natural gas, rare earths, and, of course, oil.

On August 21, 1969, Ocean Viking found oil in Norway’s sector of the North Sea. By the end of that year, it was clear the Norwegians were sitting on massive oil and gas reserves.

About a decade later, the first Norwegian oil field, Ekofisk, was, was producing 427,442 barrels of crude oil a year.


The Ekofisk oil field in 2010

Today, Norway is one of the world’s leading exporters of both oil and natural gas. The country makes between US$50 billion and $100 billion a year from these resources.

But, this is just the start of Norway’s modern wealth saga.

Norway established the Statens pensjonsfond, or Government Pension Fund, in 1990. The fund contains two distinct entities: the Global fund (GPFG) and the Norway fund (GPFN).

The Global fund, known as the Oil Fund, is the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund at more than $1.6 trillion in assets. It invests the surplus revenues Norway generates from its resource exports.

Why: To provide a financial buffer against volatile oil prices and secure the nation’s wealth long after its oil reserves have been depleted.

How: Through robust ethical, socially responsible and sustainable investments in stocks, bonds and real estate all over the world.

As for what, exactly, the Oil Fund invests in?

A piece of (almost) everything


Norges Bank — the central bank of Norway

Norway is on a mission to convert its (finite) oil wealth into long-term, multi-generational wealth for its citizens.

To give you a sense of just how much invested wealth they’re managing, Norway could liquidate the Oil Fund and give each of its 5.5 million citizens almost $300,000 in cash.

From that relatively modest Oslo building in the photo above, the GPFG deploys its $1.6 trillion (and growing) portfolio across pretty much the whole world (with some exceptions, which I’ll explain shortly).

Here’s a breakdown of its main investment categories:

Stocks

Allocation: Around 70% of the fund.

Geographical spread: Investments are made globally across developed and emerging markets.

Sectors: The fund invests in a broad range of industries, including technology, finance, healthcare, consumer goods, and more.

Examples: Major holdings include shares in large multinational companies like Apple, Microsoft, Nestlé, and Alphabet.

Fixed Income

Allocation: Approximately 25% of the fund.

Types: Investments include government bonds, corporate bonds, and inflation-linked bonds.

Geographical spread: Fixed income investments are also globally diversified, with significant holdings in U.S. Treasuries, European government bonds, and bonds from other stable economies.

Real Estate

Allocation: Around 2-3% of the fund.

Types: Investments in commercial real estate, including office buildings, retail spaces, and logistics properties.

Geographical spread: Key markets include major cities in the United States, Europe, and Asia.

Examples: Properties in cities like New York, London, and Tokyo.

Renewable Energy Infrastructure

Allocation: A relatively new and growing segment, though still a small portion of the overall fund.

Types: Investments in renewable energy projects such as wind farms and solar power plants.

Geographical spread: Global investments with a focus on regions with strong renewable energy potential.

The GPFG’s allocation is all about maximizing returns while — and you won’t believe this — maintaining manageable risk levels.

According to Norges Bank (my emphasis added):

‘The fund has a small stake in about 9,000 companies worldwide, including the likes of Apple, Nestlé, Microsoft and Samsung. On average, the fund holds 1.5 percent of all of the world’s listed companies.’

With 2.33 percent of European stocks in its portfolio, the Oil Fund is the largest stock owner in Europe. It participates in thousands of shareholder meetings and proposals every year.

Building wealth by beating benchmarks

The chart below shows you how the Oil Fund’s value has grown over the past three decades.

$23 billion to $1.6 trillion in 26 years


The GPFG‘s growth since 1998

So that’s the value, but what about the performance?

Since its inception in 1996, the GPFG has averaged annual return of about 6%.

Given the fund’s conservative investment strategy aimed at long-term stability and growth, this is a solid, albeit not spectacular, return.

The fund’s returns can vary significantly from year to year due to market fluctuations.

For example, in 2021, the GPFG achieved a return of 14.5%, driven by strong equity markets. However, in years of economic downturn or market stress, returns can be negative, such as during the 2008 financial crisis.

Last year, the Oil Fund logged a mega 16.1% return and $213 billion in profit.


Source

Generally, the fund aims to outperform its benchmark indices. The returns are compared against a custom benchmark based on global equity and bond indices. Historically, the fund has often managed to exceed these benchmarks, adding value through active management and strategic asset allocation.

But it’s not just the fund’s size or returns that make it remarkable.

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The Oil Fund also seeks to build wealth for Norway by investing only in ethical, socially responsible and sustainable assets.

The fund’s ethical guidelines mean it cannot invest money in companies that directly or indirectly contribute to killing, torture, deprivation of freedom or other violations of human rights in conflict situations or wars.

Here’s a small sample of investments excluded by the Oil Fund, and the reasons for doing so:


Full list here

You won’t find companies that produce tobacco, manufacture nuclear arms, or contribute to severe environmental damage or humans rights abuses in the fund’s holding list.

So that’s a quick primer for you on the largest sovereign wealth fund on the planet.

The Norwegian Ministry of Finance forecast that a worst-case scenario for the fund value in 2030 was $455 billion.

Best case? $3.3 trillion.

Oh, and one more thing.

The Oil Fund is perhaps the most transparent such organization in the world — you can tune into In Good Company, their podcast, in which Norges Bank CEO Nicolai Tengen interviews CEOs of the companies the fund has invested in.

Quote of the week

The fund’s role is to ensure that our national wealth lasts for as long as possible. Its investments have an extremely long-term perspective, enabling it to cope with big swings in value in the short term. Our goal as manager of the fund on behalf of the Norwegian people is to generate the highest possible return with only moderate risk so that the fund grows and endures.’

Norges Bank Investment Management

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